AN EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY – AFFIRMATIVE ACTION EMPLOYER Recyclable and made from recycled waste
CITY OF LOS ANGELES
BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS
MEMBERS
KEVIN JAMES
PRESIDENT
MONICA RODRIQUEZ
VICE PRESIDENT
MATT SZABO
PRESIDENT PRO-TEMPORE
MICHAEL R. DAVIS
COMMISSIONER
HEATHER MARIE REPENNING
COMMISSIONER
CALIFORNIA
ERIC GARCETTI
MAYOR
OFFICE OF THE
BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS
200 NORTH SPRING STREET
ROOM 361, CITY HALL
LOS ANGELES, CA 90012
(213) 978-0261
(213) 978-0278 Fax
FERNANDO CAMPOS
EXECUTIVE OFFICER
http://www.bpw.lacity .org
June 22, 2015
City of Los Angeles
Residential Parkway Landscaping Guidelines
This document is intended to provide constituents with guidelines regarding the installation of
landscape improvements within the part of the Public (street) Right-of-Way commonly referred to
as a parkway. For the purposes of this document, the term “parkway” is defined as the area of
the street between the back of curb and the sidewalk that is typically planted or landscaped.
Similarly, for the purposes of this document, the term “landscape improvements” includes
groundcovers, shrubs and other non-vegetative landscape materials but does not include street
trees.
I. Preferred Parkway Planting Material(s): Preferred parkway planting materials (other than
street trees) include drought-tolerant turf substitute groundcovers or drought-tolerant turf
(grass). Drought-tolerant turf-substitute groundcovers and/or drought-tolerant turf are
preferred parkway planting materials because they:
● provide open and free passage between the street and sidewalk for pedestrians;
● provide a commonly accepted, uniform walking surface;
● have the ability to tolerate foot traffic; and
● maintain an open line of sight between the street and abutting property.
Representative list of preferred drought-tolerant turf substitute groundcovers and drought-
tolerant turf are provided on the reference documents attached to this guideline. The list of
Preferred Parkway Plant Materials is not finite and subject to future revisions as appropriate.
II. General Permit Requirements to Landscape Any City Street: In general, a permit is
required prior to the installation or modification of landscaping within the Public right-of-way.
In accordance with Section 62.169 (a) of the Los Angeles Municipal Code, “No person shall
plant, remove, destroy, cut, prune, or deface or in any manner injure any tree, shrub, or plant in
any street in the City, without first obtaining a permit to do so from the Board” [of Public
Works].
III. Exemption From General Permit Requirements Granted to Landscape Residential
Parkways: Residential parkways are exempt from the General Permit Requirements noted
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in Section II above, therefore a permit is not required to install or modify parkway landscaping
in front of residential properties. In accordance with Section 62.169 (b) of the Los Angeles
Municipal Code, “No permit is required by the owner of property fronting the parkway portion
of the street in an area zoned for residential use in order for the owner to remove existing
shrubs and plants…and replace the shrubs and plants with landscaping, including edible plant
materials….” provided the owner complies with these guidelines. The permit exemption
granted within Section 62.169 (b) only applies to (a) properties that are zoned RE, R-1, R-2,
and R-3 (refer to the Department of City Planning’s ZIMAS web page at http://zimas.lacity.org/
to determine a property’s zoning designation) and (b) the installation of plant materials. Trees
and other non-vegetative materials are not included in this permit exemption. Permits are
required to plant, prune, or remove any tree in any street in the City, including the installation of
any other non-vegetative material, such as pavement, decomposed granite, raised planter
beds, planter pots, street furniture, etcetera, within parkways.
IV. Standard or Nonstandard Parkway Improvements – “A”, “B” and/or Revocable
Permit Required: Permits are required for all other landscape or hardscape improvements
within parkways besides the exemption granted to residential parkways noted above. Such
materials may be installed within the parkway as long as the occupant or property owner of the
adjoining property obtains the appropriate permit(s) issued by the Department of Public
Works. Permits for standard or nonstandard parkway landscape improvements may be
obtained by visiting the Department of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering permit counters
at any of the following locations:
1) Central District Office – 201 N. Figueroa St., 3
rd
Floor, LA 90012
Phone: (213) 482-7030
2) Harbor District Office – 638 S. Beacon St. Suite 402, San Pedro 90731
Phone: (310) 732-4677
3) Valley District Office – 6262 Van Nuys Blvd, Rm 251, Van Nuys 91401
Phone: (818) 374-5090
4) West LA District Office – 1828 Sawtelle Blvd., 3
rd
Fl., West LA 90025
Phone: (310) 575-8384
As a part of the permit process, the following will be required:
Drawings, sketches, plans, or other satisfactory written material that indicates the
types of parkway landscape materials to be used and its respective quantities; and
Descriptions of how and where each type of parkway landscape material will be
applied.
Department of Public Works permit counter staff can preview all standard and nonstandard
parkway landscape improvement proposals and determine the appropriate approval(s),
permit(s) and fee(s) that might be required. A brief summary of the permits used to cover
parkway landscape improvements include the following:
A-Permit – An A-Permit is required and used when the proposed improvements are
smaller in overall scope, straightforward, do not require extensive plan reviews or field
inspections, and typically covers the installation of both standard and nonstandard
parkway improvements. A-Permit fees vary starting at approximately $400.00 and can
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range as high as $2,000 or more; a typical A-Permit costs $645.00.
B-Permit – A B-Permit may be required for parkway landscape improvements depending
on the complexity, type, and size of the proposed construction, modification, or installation.
Projects that are required to obtain B-Permits typically involve: several design disciplines;
submittal of professionally prepared plans; extensive plan reviews; multiple inspections
during construction; and a final inspection for acceptance. B-Permit fees are based upon
actual plan review and inspection costs. Costs vary and are substantially higher than A-
Permits.
Revocable (R-) Permit - Many nonstandard parkway landscape improvements, such as
decorative paving, non-vegetative groundcover, continuously pressurized irrigation
lines/systems, or active stormwater capture systems, will require a Revocable Permit (R-
Permit) in addition to either an A- or B-Permit. Additional requirements of the R-Permit
include a waiver of damages (recorded with the County of Los Angeles), proof of liability
insurance (provided annually to the City Administrative Officer), and approval of all colors
and materials proposed to be installed. The minimum cost of an R-Permit is
approximately $540.00. Additional fees may be required depending on the complexity of
the design and size of the proposed installation.
V. Alternative Nonstandard Parkway Landscape Improvements
A. Nonstandard Plant Materials: Parkway plant materials consisting of anything other
than the Preferred Parkway Planting Materials (see Section I above) are considered
nonstandard and will require the issuance of a Revocable Permit (R-Permit) in
combination with either an A- or B-Permit, except when installed in front of residentially
zoned properties as described in Section III above. Regardless of whether or not a
permit is required, all nonstandard plant materials installed within parkway areas must
meet the following criteria:
1) Plant materials must be drought-tolerant or drought-resistant. Edible plant
materials may be exempted from this requirement.
2) Plant materials must be lower than 36” in height at full maturity.
3) Plant materials must not form a continuous hedge or screen at full maturity.
4) Plant materials installed within the 45’ visibility triangle at street intersections must
not exceed 24” in height at full maturity (see Los Angeles Municipal Code -Chapter
6, Article 2, Sec. 62.200).
5) Plant materials installed within five feet (5’) of a driveway or walkway must not
exceed 24” in height at full maturity (for visibility purposes).
6) Plant materials must not be installed within 12” of utility vaults, meter boxes, fire
hydrants, utility/street light/traffic signal/sign poles and may not obscure the visibility
of or impeded access to such infrastructure.
7) Plant materials must not be installed within 24” of street trees (measured from the
base of the tree trunk).
8) Trellises or other plant-support structures must not exceed 36” in height, and they
shall not be constructed in a manner that forms a continuous solid screen, hedge,
or otherwise restrict visibility. No hanging ropes, cords, strings, guy-wires or
protruding nursery stakes or sticks are allowed within parkways. Large stakes and
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guying equipment for trees installed in accordance with Standard Plan S-663
(latest approved edition) are exempt from this prohibition.
9) Plant materials must not be poisonous, noxious, or invasive. Exceptions to this
requirement may be made by Department of Public Works landscape architectural
staff on a case by case basis.
10) Plant materials must not have exposed, rigid spines or thorns. Exceptions to this
requirement may be made by Department of Public Works landscape architectural
staff on a case by case basis.
11) Low growing, groundcover types of plant materials are highly recommended and
encouraged when non-standard plantings are installed in parkway areas; shrubs
and other plant materials that form solid, raised masses are discouraged and not
recommended for use in parkways.
12) When used in combination with mulch or other non-vegetative groundcover,
nonstandard plant materials must cover at least 80% of the parkway area after the
plants have reached full maturity.
B. Non-Vegetative Groundcover or Paving materials: Non-vegetative groundcovers or
paving materials may be installed in the parkway with the issuance of an A- or B-Permit.
A Revocable Permit (R-Permit) is required in addition to either an A- or B-Permit for
nonstandard materials. Non-vegetative groundcover or paving materials include items,
such as bark chips, mulch used as a long-term stand-alone groundcover, decomposed
granite, synthetic (artificial) turf, pavers, or cement concrete (both standard, colored, or
stamped concrete). Non-vegetative groundcover or paving materials installed within
parkway areas must meet the following criteria:
1) Nonstandard paving materials must comply with all of the requirements and criteria
as shown in the Department of Public Works, Standard Plan S-601 (latest edition)
and Brown Book, as applicable. Where a conflict exists, the more stringent shall
apply.
2) Both standard and nonstandard paving materials must be placed so that the
finished surface is in plane with adjoining sidewalk and curb surfaces.
3) Non-vegetative groundcovers such as bark, mulch, or decomposed granite that are
typically loosely placed and used without any other groundcover material, shall not
be used in parkway areas unless they are a landscape component/mulching of
plant materials in the proportions identified above. They are not permitted in
parkway areas with a slope greater than 5% in any direction (~5/8” of fall per each
foot horizontally). Non-vegetative groundcover materials consisting of loosely
placed gravel, crushed rock, decorative rock or stone shall not be used or
permitted for installation in parkway areas, unless used as a component of an
active stormwater capture system.
4) Cobblestone or any other alternative groundcover material that does not provide a
uniform, reasonably walkable surface is discouraged and will normally not be
permitted for installation in parkway areas. When and if permitted, cobblestone or
similar non-vegetative groundcover materials must be set within a cement concrete
matrix in a manner that will permanently affix the materials to the parkway area.
5) Synthetic (artificial) Turf Products pre-approved for City-wide residential use as
listed on the City of Los Angeles, Bureau of Engineering “Approved Products
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Tracking System” at the following link http:/boe.lacity.org/apm/ do not require a
revocable permit.
C. Convenience Strip: Whenever nonstandard plant material, non-vegetative groundcover,
or any combination of materials that do not provide a uniform, reasonably walkable
surface are installed within the parkway area, then a minimum 18” wide (excluding curb
dimension) alighting convenience strip is required adjacent and parallel to the back of
curb along the entire length of the improved parkway to allow ingress and egress for
occupants of vehicles parallel parked along the curb. Diagonal or perpendicular parking
will require wider convenience strips. The convenience strip may be either standard or
nonstandard paving materials. In residential zones, the convenience strip may consist of
a uniform planting of drought-tolerant turf substitutes or drought-tolerant turf species
shown within the Department’s Preferred Parkway Plant Materials list. Convenience
strips constructed of drought-tolerant turf substitutes or drought-tolerant turf will also
require a longitudinal header to physically separate the convenience strip from the
adjoining nonstandard landscaping. In all cases, the convenience strip must form a
commonly accepted walking surface and its finished surface and/or grade must be flush
with the top of curb. Convenience strips will typically require the issuance of a
construction permit (A or B); convenience strips constructed of nonstandard paving or
non-vegetative groundcovers also require the issuance of a Revocable Permit.
Convenience strips are not required for landscaped parkways adjacent to any “no
parking” zone.
D. House Walk: If the uninterrupted length of the parkway is landscaped with nonstandard
materials and is in excess of twenty five feet (25’) in length a “house walk” or lateral paved
walkway across the improved parkway from the street to the sidewalk is required. The
minimum width of a house walk is 48” and the finished surface of the house walk must be
in plane with both the adjoining top of curb and sidewalk. Additional house walks are
required every twenty five feet (25’) thereafter depending upon the overall uninterrupted
length of the parkway. House walks across landscaped parkways require the issuance of
a construction permit (A or B). House walks constructed of decorative or enhanced
paving additionally require the issuance of a Revocable Permit.
E. Parkway Irrigation Systems: A permit is not required for irrigation systems installed in
residential parkway areas provided there are no continuously pressurized (main) lines or
valves of any sort installed within the public right-of-way. Conversely, a permit will be
required when/if irrigation valves or continuously pressurized irrigation lines are installed
within the public right-of-way. When and where new irrigation systems are employed or
existing irrigation systems are refurbished, the City highly encourages the use of sub-
surface/drip irrigation or other low-flow water distribution system to minimize wasteful
over-spray and over-watering. When and where spray head systems are used within the
parkway, all spray heads shall be of the pop-up type, fully retractable to be flush with the
adjacent surface when not in use, and placed no closer than 24” to any hard-paved,
adjacent surface.
F. Parkway Stormwater Treatment/Capture Systems: The City encourages the use of
parkway areas to treat and/or capture stormwater run-off from the sidewalk and adjoining
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roadway when and where possible and appropriate. Stormwater treatment systems
typically treat/clean stormwater biologically prior to its continuance into the storm drain
systems. Stormwater capture systems typically retain stormwater so it may infiltrate into
the sub-grade, thereby reducing or minimizing stormwater run-off. Often, such systems
are designed to both treat and capture stormwater. Active, purpose driven stormwater
treatment/capture systems will require permits issued by the Department of Public
Works, and each installation will be reviewed and approved on a case-by-case basis.
Parkway areas will generally be used/reserved to capture and/or treat stormwater run-off
from the street right-of-way as opposed to stormwater run-off generated from an abutting
property. Certain types of drought-tolerant or native plant materials may not be
appropriate for stormwater capture systems, especially in areas intentionally subjected to
periodic flooding. In such cases, requirements for drought-tolerant or drought resistant
plant materials may be relaxed by Department landscape architectural staff to maximize
the effectiveness of any stormwater capture system. When applicable, secure the
necessary Standard Urban Stormwater Mitigation Plan (SUSMP) clearances and
permits. See Standard Plan S-480 series for additional requirements and options.
VI. Maintenance of Parkway Installations: All parkway installations must be maintained in
good repair and on grade by the owner and shall be subject to Chapter VI, Article 2, Section
62.104 and Chapter V, Article 6, Section 56.08 of the Los Angeles Municipal Code.
A. Parkway plant materials must be kept in a neat, trimmed manner away from adjacent
paved surfaces at all times and shall not obstruct or infringe upon sidewalk areas,
driveways, walkways, or curb areas. Parkway plant materials must be replaced or
replenished as required; planted parkways shall be kept free of unwanted weeds and
debris.
B. Edible plant materials:
i) Shall be trimmed back to be kept clear of adjoining sidewalks,
walkways, house walks, driveways, convenience strips, curbs or the
roadway.
ii) Shall not cause the sidewalk, walkways, housewalks, driveways,
convenience strips, curbs or the roadway to be closed during planting
or harvesting operations.
iii) Shall be promptly harvested and removed from the parkway when
mature or ripe.
iv) Fallen fruit or produce shall be promptly removed from all adjoining
paved surfaces or walkways, and all residual matter shall be cleaned
from adjoining paved surfaces to avoid slip and fall or trip and fall
accidents and prevent the adjoining pavement from becoming
irreparably stained.
v) Stems, greens, or other parts of seasonal or annual edible plants not
harvested for consumption shall be promptly removed and replaced,
or tilled into the parkway top-soil.
vi) Parkway areas that are temporarily fallowed between crops or
growing seasons must be leveled so that the top-soil is in plane with
the adjoining top of curb and sidewalk, covered with mulch or similar
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material to minimize soil erosion, or otherwise maintained in a neat
and clean condition until the area is to be replanted. Weeds,
undesirable vegetation, or other debris shall be promptly removed
from fallowed parkway areas.
vii) Proper preventative measures must be taken to prevent vector (pest)
infestations that might occur as a result of installing edible plant
materials. When noticed, vectors shall be promptly removed from the
parkway and/or exterminated.
viii) Parkway areas no longer planted with edible plant materials for a
period exceeding 6 months shall be restored and replanted with any of
the preferred parkway plant materials.
ix) Parkway alternative groundcover materials and nonstandard pavers
must be maintained in good repair and on grade flush with the
adjacent sidewalk and/or curb to minimize slipping and tripping
hazards. Materials such as mulch or decomposed granite shall be
maintained so that materials are kept off of the adjoining sidewalks,
walkways, house walks, driveways, convenience strips, curbs or the
roadway. Mulch, decomposed granite, or other permitted alternative
groundcover materials shall be replenished as required to maintain a
finished grade that is in plane with the adjoining top of curb or
sidewalk.
C. Synthetic (artificial) turf must be maintained, cleaned, re-brushed, and replenished with
new approved infill per the manufacturer’s recommendations. Any damaged, loose, or
raised synthetic turf, anchoring pin, and/or landscaping nail shall be promptly repaired.
Synthetic turf shall be regularly inspected, disinfected, and remain free of litter, animal
droppings or urine, foul odors, bacterial stain, weeds, debris, and standing water.
D. Parkway irrigation systems including spray heads, drip lines, risers, and lateral lines shall
be maintained in good repair and kept free of leaks or other anomalies that prevent the
system from operating at peak efficiency.
E. Parkway stormwater capture systems shall be maintained to ensure the systems work
properly and effectively. This includes the removal of debris and sediment that might
collect within the system, as well as the periodic replacement or refurbishment of soils,
filter media, moisture barriers, pipes, plant materials and other elements that collectively
make-up the stormwater capture system.
VII. Enforcement: When parkway areas are found to be out of compliance with the various
codes and ordinances, and/or the parkway improvements are not properly permitted, the City
will employ a progressive enforcement process to ensure the improvements are either
properly permitted or returned to a condition that complies with said codes and ordinances.
The enforcement process initially begins with verbal and/or written notifications to the abutting
property owner or occupant in an attempt to voluntarily achieve proper compliance. Further
enforcement activities may include citations, fines, and public hearings before the Board of
Public Works; enforcement actions may also include mechanical liens against the title of the
property. In cases where the parkway improvements are deemed a nuisance or safety hazard
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to the public, the City reserves the right to remove the offending improvements and restore the
parkway area using City forces. The abutting property owner is responsible for the
reimbursement of all costs incurred by the City to properly restore parkway areas fronting
his/her property.
Preferred Drought-Tolerant Turf Substitute Plant Species
Scientific Name
Common Name
Water Needs
Height x Spread
Notes:
Achillea millefolium
Commom Yarrow
Mod-low
Flowers to 3’,
leaves to 3”
Mow every 2-6 weeks to
maintain uniform height
similar to lawn. There are
many cultivars
Achillea tomentosa
Wooly Yarrow
Mod-low
2” x 1 ½”
Grey-green woolly leaves,
yellow flat topped flower
heads 6” -10” tall. Must be
mowed to remove flower
stalks and maintain uniform
height similar to lawn
Chamaemelum nobile
Roman
Chamomile
Moderate
3” – 12” x 12”+
Mow or shear to maintain
uniform height similar to
lawn. Plant 1’ apart for
good coverage
Duchesnea indica
Indian Mock
Strawberry
Moderate
3” – 4” x 12”
Can take more sun near
coast; must have partial
shade in warm inland
valleys. Needs regular
moisture and well drained
soils. Tasteless fruit.
Plant 1’ apart. Mow in
early spring to maintain
uniform height
Dymondia margaretae
Dymondia
Moderate;
drought
tolerant once
established
1”-3” x 12”-24”
Spreading perennial. Green
leaves edged in silver,
yellow flowers in summer,
slow growing. Needs well
drained soils, does better
near coast; okay for inland
areas
Fragaria chiloensis
Beach Strawberry
Moderate
3”-8” x 12”-18”
Produces small edible fruit.
Mow or cut back in late
winter just before new
growth to maintain uniform
height. Best near coast;
not recommended for
inland/valley areas
Herniaria glarbra
Green Carpet,
Rupture Wort
Moderate
1”’3” x 12’+
Spreads by rooting stems.
Plant 12” apart for good
coverage. Needs well
drained soil. Takes light
foot traffic
Lotus corniculatus
‘Plenus’
Bird’s Foot Trefoil
Moderate
4” x 12”
Carpet of dark green tree-
leaved leaflets. Yellow
flowers in summery and
fall. May be mowed. Good
in clay soil.
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Scientific Name
Common Name
Water Needs
Height x Spread
Notes:
Phyla nodiflora (Lippia
repens or Lippia
nodiflora)
Lippia
Mod-low
2” x 12”-24”
Ground hugging perennial.
Small pink flowers from
spring to fall attract bees.
Mow periodically to
maintain uniform height and
to remove flowers if bees
are an issue.
Thymus praecox
articus (T. polytrichus
britannicus)
Creeping Thyme
Moderate
2”-4’ x 18”-24””
Spreading perennial herb.
Pink flowers and scented
leaves. Flowers attractive
to bees
Thymus praecox ‘Elfin’
Elfin Creeping
Thyme
Moderate
2” x 6”
Non-blooming flowers.
Good for areas where bees
are an issue.
Thymus praecox
‘Minus’
Minus Creeping
Thyme
Moderate
½” x 12”
Very fine textured leaves
forms a dense carpet
Thymus
pseudolanuginosus (T.
serpyllum)
Woolly Thyme
Moderate
2”-3” x 36”
Spreading perennial herb.
Woolly grey leaves with
pink flowers. ‘Hall’s
Woolly’ is a better bloomer
Preferred Drought Tolerant Turf Species
Common Name
Water Needs
Height x Spread
Notes:
Hachita Blue
Grama
Low-very low
12” x 12”
More vigorous than other
Bouteloua species. Good
in sandy or clay soil. Sold
as plugs. Mow once a
month to maintain uniform,
consistent height.
UC Verde Buffalo
Grass
Low-very low
3” mowed height
Warm season grass. Best
along the coast or LA
Basin where it stays green
all year; goes dormant
inland for as long as
October to March. Sold as
plugs. Not goof in sandy
soil. Mow every 2 to 3
weeeks to maintain
uniform, consistent height
California
Meadow Sedge
Moderate
3”–4” mowed
height
Cool season sedge; can go
dormant in summer without
regular water. Sold as
plugs. Mow to maintain
uniform, consistent height
Dune Sedge
Moderate
3”-4” mowed
height
Cool season sedge; can go
dormant in summer without
regular water. Sold as
plugs. Mow to maintain
uniform, consistent height
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Common Name
Water Needs
Height x Spread
Notes:
‘GN-1’ Hybrid
Bermuda
Low- Mod
¼”-3/4” mowed
height
Warm season grass; goes
dormant during winter
months. Tolerates high
foot traffic. Drought
tolerant; full sun. Grow
from stolons, plugs, or sod.
‘GN-1’ requires less
maintenance than ‘Santa
Ana’ or ‘Tifway’ cultivars
‘Santa Ana’
Hybrid Bermuda
Low-Mod
¼”-3/4: mowed
height
Same as above (see ‘GN-1’
notes). More smog
resistant and shorter
dormancy period. Holds
color longer
‘Tifdwarf’ Hybrid
Bermuda
Low-Mod
¼”-3/4: mowed
height
Same as above (see ‘GN-1’
notes). Slower to establish
and sprad than other
Bermuda hybrids.
‘Tiffgreen’ Hybrid
Bermuda
Low-Mod
¼”-3/4: mowed
height
Same as above (see ‘GN-1’
notes). Good tolerance to
saline soils
‘Tifway 419’
Hybrid Bermuda
Low-Mod
¼”-3/4: mowed
height
Same as above (see ‘GN-1’
notes). Good tolerance to
saline soiles. Shorter
dormancy period; holds
color longer
Sea Spray
Paspalum
Moderate
¼” -1 ½” mowed
height
Warm season grass.
Prefers soils that have
moderate to high salinity.
Great near coast and
perfect for reclaimed water.
Available from seed.
Water every 1 to 2 weeks
with 1” of water. Mow to
maintain uniform,
consistent height